Global Warming Kills the Animals

Species Disappear
The latest report from the World Conservation Union says that a minimum of 40 percent of the world’s species are being threatened ... and global warming’s one of the main culprits. [Reuters]

Cannibalistic Polar Bears...
As longer seasons without ice keep polar bears away from food, they start eating each other. [AP]

...And Dying Polar Bears
A recent study completed by the U.S. Geological Survey shows that cannibalism—while brutal—may be the least of the bear’s problems. Many are also drowning, unable to swim in the increased spaces between melting sea ice. Two-thirds of them may be gone by 2050. [National Geographic] [Mongo Bay]

More Bear Attacks
Earlier this year, Moscow warned its citizens to beware of brown bear attacks. In Russia, it’s been too hot in the winter for bears to sleep. When bears can’t hibernate, they get very grouchy and become “unusually aggressive.”[Der Spiegel]

Dying Gray Whales
Save the whales! Global warming is thwarting majestic gray whales’ struggle to recover from their endangered status. In recent years, more gray whales have been washing up on beaches after starving to death. Culprit: Rising ocean temps, which are killing off their food supply. [Washington Post]

Death March of the Penguins
Scientists blame global warming for the declining penguin population, as warmer waters and smaller ice floes force the birds to travel further to find food. “Emperor penguins ... have dropped from 300 breeding pairs to just nine in the western Antarctic Peninsula.” [National Geographic] [MSNBC]

Farewell to Frogs
An estimated two-thirds of the 110 known species of harlequin frog in Central and South America have vanished since the 1980s due to the outbreak of a deadly frog fungus ... brought on by global warming. Scientist J. Allen Pound: "Disease is the bullet killing frogs, but climate change is pulling the trigger.” [National Geographic]

Farewell to the Arctic Fox
The White Arctic Fox used to rule the colder climes, but as temperatures warm up, its more aggressive cousin, the Red Fox, is moving North and taking over. [Wired]

Farewell to the Walrus
Walrus pups rest on sea ice while their mothers hunt for food. A new study shows more and more abandoned pups are being stranded on floating islands as ice islands melt. Also, sadly, mother walruses are abandoning them to follow the ice further north. [Mongo Bay]

Farewell to Cute Koala Bears
Australia’s Climate Action Network reports that higher temperatures are killing off eucalyptus trees while higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are decreasing the nutritional value of the eucalyptus leaves Koala bears eat. They warn that the cute furry creatures could become extinct in the next few decades. [Science]

Jellyfish Attack
Ouch! At least 30,000 people were stung by jellyfish along the Mediterranean coast last year; some areas boasted more than 10 jellyfish per square foot of water. Thank global warming: Jellyfish generally stay out of the way of swimmers, preferring the warmer, saltier water of the open seas. Hotter temperatures erase the natural temperature barrier between the open sea and the shore. The offshore waters also become more saline, causing the stinging blobs of hurt to move in toward the coastlines (and your unsuspecting legs). [BBC]

Giant Squid Attack
Giant squid—an “aggressive predator” that grows up to 7 feet long and can weigh more than 110 lbs—used to only be found in the warm waters along the Pacific equator. Hotter waters mean today they’re invading the waters of California and even Alaska. [ABC]

Homeless Sheep, Goats, and Bears
Bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and grizzly bears are becoming homeless, due to the disappearance of the alpine meadows in Glacier National Park. [AP]

Homeless Deer and Marsh Rabbits
The deer and marsh rabbits in the Florida Keys also face a housing crisis, as water levels rise and warmer temperatures destroy coastal prairies and freshwater marsh habitats. [AP]

Gender-Bended Lizards
Scientists in Australia found warmer temperatures caused baby bearded dragon lizards to change from males to females while still in their eggs, making it harder for them to find mates. Trippy. [ABC AU]

More Stray Kitties
Global warming has extended the cat-breeding season beyond spring, which is the usual time for a kitten boom. The kittens are often homeless and end up in animal shelters. And remember, “The trouble with a kitten is that/ Eventually it becomes a cat.” [NBC-10: Philadelphia] [Ogden Nash]

Suffocating the Lemmings
Lemmings like to burrow under the snow when they hibernate for the winter. Warmer temperatures cause rain to fall during the winter months, where it freezes into a hard sheet of ice above the sleeping lemmings, who can’t crack their way out come spring. [Denver Post]

Goodbye to Cod
Cod in the North Sea are dying out. The warmer waters kill off the plankton the cod eat, making those ones that survive smaller. The warmer waters also mean the poor dears have become “less successful at mating and reproducing.” [MSNBC]

Birds around the World
Recent research found that “up to 72 percent of bird species in northeastern Australia and more than a third in Europe could go extinct due to global warming.” [Monga Bay]

Birds on the Coast
Hundreds of Pacific seabirds—such as common murres, auklets, and tufted puffins—washed ashore last year after starving to death. Scientists blame global warming which led to less plankton, which led to fewer small fish for the birds to eat. [San Francisco Chronicle]

Birds in your Backyard
A report by the National Audubon Society found that birds such as the bobwhite and field sparrow are dying thanks to global warming, as higher temperatures mess with their migration schedules. With vital food stocks peaking earlier and earlier, many migratory birds get to the party too late and can’t find enough to eat. [CNN] [ABC News]

Death to a Snail
The Aldabra banded snail is officially extinct. Existing only on an atoll 426 kilometers northwest of the northern tip of Madagascar, the snail died out after warmer weather cut the rainfall in its habitat. [Monga Bay]

Read More......

Global Warming Kills the Animals

Species Disappear
The latest report from the World Conservation Union says that a minimum of 40 percent of the world’s species are being threatened ... and global warming’s one of the main culprits. [Reuters]

Cannibalistic Polar Bears...
As longer seasons without ice keep polar bears away from food, they start eating each other. [AP]

...And Dying Polar Bears
A recent study completed by the U.S. Geological Survey shows that cannibalism—while brutal—may be the least of the bear’s problems. Many are also drowning, unable to swim in the increased spaces between melting sea ice. Two-thirds of them may be gone by 2050. [National Geographic] [Mongo Bay]

More Bear Attacks
Earlier this year, Moscow warned its citizens to beware of brown bear attacks. In Russia, it’s been too hot in the winter for bears to sleep. When bears can’t hibernate, they get very grouchy and become “unusually aggressive.”[Der Spiegel]

Dying Gray Whales
Save the whales! Global warming is thwarting majestic gray whales’ struggle to recover from their endangered status. In recent years, more gray whales have been washing up on beaches after starving to death. Culprit: Rising ocean temps, which are killing off their food supply. [Washington Post]

Death March of the Penguins
Scientists blame global warming for the declining penguin population, as warmer waters and smaller ice floes force the birds to travel further to find food. “Emperor penguins ... have dropped from 300 breeding pairs to just nine in the western Antarctic Peninsula.” [National Geographic] [MSNBC]

Farewell to Frogs
An estimated two-thirds of the 110 known species of harlequin frog in Central and South America have vanished since the 1980s due to the outbreak of a deadly frog fungus ... brought on by global warming. Scientist J. Allen Pound: "Disease is the bullet killing frogs, but climate change is pulling the trigger.” [National Geographic]

Farewell to the Arctic Fox
The White Arctic Fox used to rule the colder climes, but as temperatures warm up, its more aggressive cousin, the Red Fox, is moving North and taking over. [Wired]

Farewell to the Walrus
Walrus pups rest on sea ice while their mothers hunt for food. A new study shows more and more abandoned pups are being stranded on floating islands as ice islands melt. Also, sadly, mother walruses are abandoning them to follow the ice further north. [Mongo Bay]

Farewell to Cute Koala Bears
Australia’s Climate Action Network reports that higher temperatures are killing off eucalyptus trees while higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are decreasing the nutritional value of the eucalyptus leaves Koala bears eat. They warn that the cute furry creatures could become extinct in the next few decades. [Science]

Jellyfish Attack
Ouch! At least 30,000 people were stung by jellyfish along the Mediterranean coast last year; some areas boasted more than 10 jellyfish per square foot of water. Thank global warming: Jellyfish generally stay out of the way of swimmers, preferring the warmer, saltier water of the open seas. Hotter temperatures erase the natural temperature barrier between the open sea and the shore. The offshore waters also become more saline, causing the stinging blobs of hurt to move in toward the coastlines (and your unsuspecting legs). [BBC]

Giant Squid Attack
Giant squid—an “aggressive predator” that grows up to 7 feet long and can weigh more than 110 lbs—used to only be found in the warm waters along the Pacific equator. Hotter waters mean today they’re invading the waters of California and even Alaska. [ABC]

Homeless Sheep, Goats, and Bears
Bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and grizzly bears are becoming homeless, due to the disappearance of the alpine meadows in Glacier National Park. [AP]

Homeless Deer and Marsh Rabbits
The deer and marsh rabbits in the Florida Keys also face a housing crisis, as water levels rise and warmer temperatures destroy coastal prairies and freshwater marsh habitats. [AP]

Gender-Bended Lizards
Scientists in Australia found warmer temperatures caused baby bearded dragon lizards to change from males to females while still in their eggs, making it harder for them to find mates. Trippy. [ABC AU]

More Stray Kitties
Global warming has extended the cat-breeding season beyond spring, which is the usual time for a kitten boom. The kittens are often homeless and end up in animal shelters. And remember, “The trouble with a kitten is that/ Eventually it becomes a cat.” [NBC-10: Philadelphia] [Ogden Nash]

Suffocating the Lemmings
Lemmings like to burrow under the snow when they hibernate for the winter. Warmer temperatures cause rain to fall during the winter months, where it freezes into a hard sheet of ice above the sleeping lemmings, who can’t crack their way out come spring. [Denver Post]

Goodbye to Cod
Cod in the North Sea are dying out. The warmer waters kill off the plankton the cod eat, making those ones that survive smaller. The warmer waters also mean the poor dears have become “less successful at mating and reproducing.” [MSNBC]

Birds around the World
Recent research found that “up to 72 percent of bird species in northeastern Australia and more than a third in Europe could go extinct due to global warming.” [Monga Bay]

Birds on the Coast
Hundreds of Pacific seabirds—such as common murres, auklets, and tufted puffins—washed ashore last year after starving to death. Scientists blame global warming which led to less plankton, which led to fewer small fish for the birds to eat. [San Francisco Chronicle]

Birds in your Backyard
A report by the National Audubon Society found that birds such as the bobwhite and field sparrow are dying thanks to global warming, as higher temperatures mess with their migration schedules. With vital food stocks peaking earlier and earlier, many migratory birds get to the party too late and can’t find enough to eat. [CNN] [ABC News]

Death to a Snail
The Aldabra banded snail is officially extinct. Existing only on an atoll 426 kilometers northwest of the northern tip of Madagascar, the snail died out after warmer weather cut the rainfall in its habitat. [Monga Bay]

Read More......

Global Warming Wrecks All the Fun

Say Goodbye to French Wines
Wacky temperatures and rain cycles brought on by global warming are threatening something very important: Wine. Scientists believe global warming will “shift viticultural regions toward the poles, cooler coastal zones and higher elevations.” What that means in regular language: Get ready to say bye-bye to French Bordeaux and hello to British champagne. [LA Times]

Say Goodbye to Light and Dry Wines
Warmer temperatures mean grapes in California and France develop their sugars too quickly, well before their other flavors. As a result, growers are forced to either a) leave the grapes on the vines longer, which dramatically raises the alcoholic content of the fruit or b) pick the grapes too soon and make overly sweet wine that tastes like jam. [Washington Post]

Say Goodbye to Pinot Noir
The reason you adore pinot noir is that it comes from a notoriously temperamental thin-skinned grape that thrives in cool climates. Warmer temperatures are already damaging the pinots from Oregon, “baking away” the grape’s berry flavors. [Bloomberg]

Say Goodbye to Baseball
The future of the ash tree—from which all baseball bats are made—is in danger of disappearing, thanks to a combination of killer beetles and global warming. [NY Times]

Say Goodbye to Christmas Trees
The Pine Bark Beetle, which feeds on and kills pine trees, used to be held in control by cold winter temperatures. Now the species is thriving and killing off entire forests in British Columbia, unchecked. [Seattle Post Intelligencer]

Say Goodbye to the Beautiful Alaska Vacation
Warmer weather allowed Spruce Bark Beetles to live longer, hardier lives in the forests of Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, where they killed off a section of spruce forest the size of Connecticut. [Alaska Science Forum]

Say Goodbye to Fly Fishing
As water temperatures continue to rise, researchers say rainbow trout, "already at the southern limits” of their temperature ranges in the Appalachian mountains, could disappear there over the next century. [Softpedia]

Say Goodbye to Ski Competitions
Unusually warmer winters caused the International Ski Federation to cancel last year’s Alpine skiing World Cup and opening races in Sölden, Austria. Skiers are also hard-pressed now to find places for year-round training. Olympic gold medalist Anja Paerson: “Of course we’re all very worried about the future of our sport. Every year we have more trouble finding places to train.” [NY Times]

Say Goodbye to Ski Vacations
Slopes on the East Coast last year closed months ahead of time due to warmer weather, some losing as much as a third of their season. [Washington Post]

Say Hello to Really Tacky Fake Ski Vacations
Weiner Air Force and former House Majority Leader Dick Armey are building a year-round ski resort in Texas, with “wet, white Astroturf with bristles” standing in for snow to make up for all the closed resorts around the country. [WSJ]

Say Goodbye to That Snorkeling Vacation
The elkhorn coral which used to line the floor of the Caribbean are nearly gone, “victims of pollution, warmer water and acidification from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide seeping into oceans.” [Denver Post]

Say Goodbye to That Tropical Island Vacation
Indonesia's environment minister announced this year that scientific studies estimate about 2,000 of the country's lush tropical islands could disappear by 2030 due to rising sea levels. [ABC News]

Say Goodbye to Cool Cultural Landmarks
The World Monuments Fund recently added “global warming” as a threat in their list of the top 100 threatened cultural landmarks. “On Herschel Island, Canada, melting permafrost threatens ancient Inuit sites and a historic whaling town. In Chinguetti, Mauritania, the desert is encroaching on an ancient mosque. In Antarctica, a hut once used by British explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott has survived almost a century of freezing conditions but is now in danger of being engulfed by increasingly heavy snows.” [AP]

Say Goodbye to Salmon Dinners
Get ready for a lot more chicken dinners: Wild pacific salmon have already vanished from 40 percent of their traditional habitats in the Northwest and the NRDC warns warmer temperatures are going to erase 41 percent of their habitat by 2090. [ENS]

Say Goodbye to Lobster Dinners
Lobsters thrive in the chilly waters of New England, but recent numbers show that as those waters have warmed up, “the big-clawed American lobster—prized for its delicate, sweet flesh—has been withering at an alarming rate from New York state to Massachusetts.” [AP]

Say Goodbye to Discoveries of Sharks That Can Walk
Scientists recently revealed a “lost world” of marine life off the coast of Indonesia, including 20 new species of corals, 8 species of shrimp, a technicolor fish that “flashes” bright pink, yellow, blue, and green hues, and sharks that “walk” on their fins. (“Avon Lady. Candygram.”) However, marine biologists warn the threats posed by global warming means millions of other crazycool sea creatures may become extinct before we ever discover them. [ABC]

Say Goodbye to Meadows of Wildflowers
Scientists think global warming could wipe out a fifth of the wildflower species in the western United States. They’ll be replaced by dominant grasses. [National Wildlife Federation]

Say Goodbye to Guacamole
Scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory predict hotter temps will cause a 40 percent drop in California’s avocado production over the next 40 years. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab]

Say Goodbye to Mixed Nuts
Guess you’ll have to start eating pretzels at the bar instead: Scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory predict hotter temps will cause a 20 percent drop in California’s almond and walnut crops over the next 40 years. [Science Daily]

Say Goodbye to French Fries
Scientists from the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research say warmer temperatures are killing off wild relatives of potato and peanut plants, “threatening a valuable source of genes necessary to help these food crops fight pests and drought.” [AP]

Say Goodbye to Your Pretty Lawn
Thanks to global warming, dandelions will grow “taller, lusher, and more resilient.” By 2100, the weed will produce 32 percent more seeds and longer hairs, which allow them to spread further in the wind. [LA Times]

Say Hello to More Mosquitoes
Get ready for more mosquitoes. Mosquitoes like to live in drains and sewer puddles. During long dry spells (brought on by higher temperatures) these nasty, stagnant pools become a vital source of water for thirsty birds ... which provide a tasty feast for the resident mosquitoes. At the same time, these dry spells “reduce the populations of dragonflies, lacewings, and frogs that eat the mosquitoes.” [Washington Post]

Say Hello to Poison Ivy
You’re gonna need an ocean of calamine lotion. Increased CO2 levels cause poison ivy and other weeds to grow “taller, lusher, and more resilient.” [LA Times]

Say Hello to Bulgarian Hooker Shortages
“Brothel owners in Bulgaria are blaming global warming for staff shortages. They claim their best girls are working in ski resorts because a lack of snow has forced tourists to seek other pleasures.” [Metro UK]

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Forest Demage !!!!!!

Indonesian have 10% of tropical forest remaining. Forest has 12% of mammal species / mammals, 16% owner of the animal species of reptiles and amphibian, 1519 bird species and 25% of the world's fish species. Some is endemic or can only be found in the area.

Area of natural forest with native Indonesia wipe speed which is very worrying. Until now, India has lost forest of the original 72 per cent [World Resource Institute, 1997]. Indonesia logging that is not restrained during tens of years and caused a contraction of the tropical forest-produce. Rapid forest damage period 1985-1997 was 1.6 million hectares per year, whereas in the period 1997-2000 to be 3.8 million hectares per year. This makes Indonesia one of the places with the highest level of damage to forests in the world. In Indonesia, based on the interpretation of Landsat imagery in 2000 there were 101.73 million hectares of forest land and damaged, of which 59.62 million hectares of plantation in the forest area. [MoF Planologi Agency, 2003].

In the 16-century to mid-18 th century, natural forests in Java is still about 9 million hectares. At the end of the 1980s, veils of natural forest on Java only 0.97 million hectares, or 7 percent of the total broad Java. Currently, the closing of land on the island of Java by 4% live tree. Java since 1995 and has experienced water deficit of 32.3 billion cubic meters each year.

Impact of Forest Destruction

With the reduction in imprisonment forests of Indonesia, the most of the area has become a region vulnerable to disaster, whether the disaster drought, floods and landslides. Since 1998 until mid 2003, there have been 647 recorded incidents of disaster in Indonesia in 2022 with the loss of the victim lives and billions of rupiah, where 85% of disasters are floods and landslides that caused damage to forests [Bakornas Disaster Relief, 2003].

In addition, Indonesia will also lose a variety of animals and plants which have become a proud nation of Indonesia. Meanwhile, during the Indonesian forest is a source of life for the people of Indonesia. Forest is a provider of food, the drugs and become a place of living for most of the people of Indonesia. With the loss of forest in Indonesia, caused them to lose their source of food and medicines. Along with the increase in forest damage Indonesia, shows the increasing levels of poverty of the people of Indonesia, and some of the poor in Indonesia live side by side with the forest.

What is it?

Indonesia is also Forest lungs of the world, which can absorb carbon and provide oxygen for life on earth.

As a function of forest land where the water will also be disturbed due to forest destruction that constantly. This will impact on the drought often occurs in the dry season and flooding and landslides in the rainy season. In the end, this will seriously impact on the economic condition in the community.

Why We Forests Damaged?

Industry in Indonesia has a very high production capacity compared to the availability of wood. Employers do timber logging uncontrollable and destructive, a planter of a very knowledgeable, and the mining areas of open forest.

And this also worsened the condition of the corrupt government, where the forest is considered as a source of money and can blow out for personal and group interests.

How is it going?

Logging in Indonesia is uncontrollable has started since the late 1960s, known as flood-hood, where people do logging manually. Large-scale logging began in 1970. And permission to proceed with the issuance of a permit-forest plants in the industry in 1990, who finished felled (land clearing).

In addition, the forest also transferred its functions to be large-scale plantation area that also do a thorough clearing forest, a resettlement area and also the area of urban development.

In 1999, after the start of autonomy, the local government share-share to the area of forest area in the form of rights of small scale. At the same time also increased the activity logging without a permit that is not restrained by the group that financed capitalist society (capitalist), which is protected by the government and security apparatus.

Efforts made

The Government of Indonesia through the decision with the Department of Forestry and the Department of Trade and Industry since 2001 has forbidden the export of wood rounded (log) and flakes of raw materials. And in 2003, the Ministry of Forestry has been down felled tree annual quota (the amount that can ditebang by the forest) to 6.8 million cubic meters a year and will be sent down again in 2004 to 5.7 million cubic meters a year.

The government also has established Forestry Industry Revitalization Agency (BRIK) the duty to make adjustments of production forestry industry with the availability of raw materials from the forest.

In addition, the Government has also committed to make of illegal logging and forest rehabilitation are also conducted through the National Movement Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GNRHL), which is expected in 2008 will return to forest area of three million hectares.

The results of Retrieved

Unfortunately the Government is still running it all as a mere utterance without a realization in the field. Until 2002, exports are still made of wood rounded offense that indicates the government's own policies. And still the government will give permission of natural forest and plantation forest-an area of 900 thousand hectares to employers through the auction. The government also do not have a comprehensive plan to fix the damage to forests through rehabilitation, but the activity is forced to be implemented, which would lead to the occurrence of a target and the possibility of a failure in implementation.

It is most important and the government has not done this time is to close the industry that Indonesia has a lot of debt. The Government is also not adjust the production industry with the capability of providing raw materials for wood by forest industries. This can result in logging activities without a permit will continue to progress.

And with only reduce the annual quota felled, then we still can not distinguish where the wood is legal and not legal. If only the government to temporarily stop giving bribe felled, it can be ascertained that all the timber out of forest wood which is invalid or illegal, so that law enforcement can do.

What should be done?

To stop forest destruction in Indonesia, the government must seriously start to no longer issue a license-permit new Forest, and the utilization of plantation wood, and perform law enforcement against the export of wood raw material and rounded flakes. The Government should also conduct comprehensive testing of the performance of forestry industry and law enforcement problems for the industry. After this stage, need to be restructuring the damaged forest area and also handle the social impact due to termination of logging, eg with the forestry industry employs workers in the tree planting project.

Then, when you return is forest management system, giving the permits only logging on forest trees or forest-based communities, which is managed locally.
During the suspension [moratorium] is run, industry-timber industry can still way way to import the raw material wood. To facilitate supervision, the type of wood that must be imported with a different type of timber in Indonesia.

And most importantly restore the sovereignty of the people in forest management, because the people of Indonesia have long been able to manage the forests of Indonesia.

Can individuals help?

Yes, with a lobby, write letters or do in order to pressure the government to seriously keep remaining forests of Indonesia. In addition, do the supervision of the circulation in the area of wood nearby, and give a report to the Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI) and the nearest non-governmental institutions and to other law enforcement agencies, and the mass media, when the find of a circle of wood without a permit and the activities of forest .

And start planting trees for timber needs of families in the future, use the timber with the wise and no longer buy wood-the wood of the forest damage.

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Global warming may make some spots inviting

Predictions about the rate of global warming vary greatly, but even by conservative estimates it’s likely to have a big effect on travel. Many current tourist hotspots will literally be too hot for comfort, while others will lose their natural beauty, be prone to catastrophic storms—or simply be underwater.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the planet’s average temperature could increase by as much as 3.5 degrees celsius by 2100, causing sea levels to rise nearly four feet. If the Greenland and Antarctic continental ice sheets then melt—as some predict—sea levels could rise by an additional 30 feet. Potential side effects include increasingly intense storms, catastrophic heat waves and global flooding on a biblical scale.

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Impact of Global Warming

Valencia, MONDAY - The global is irrefutable and can cause a very chilling effect. Therefore one of the last statement in the report to the UN Panel on Climate Change or the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was announced in Valencia, Saturday (19/11).
UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon challenging the government in countries around the world to make real the threat of action is. He invites the policy to respond to the findings in this climate change conference in Bali which will be held early December 2007.

"It is urgent, global efforts must be made," said Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary General. He hopes the policy from all over the world can respond to the findings in this climate change conference to be held in Bali starting December 3 2007.

Minatory

The report mentions human origin as the main global warming. Emissions of greenhouse gases to increase 70 percent between 1970 to 2004. Concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere is much higher in the natural matrix of 650 thousand last year.

The average global temperature has increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit (0.72 equivalent derat Celsius) in the last 100 years. Front sea water to increase an average of 0175 centimeters per year since 1961.

About 20 percent to 30 species of plants and animals at risk disappear if temperatures rise 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius equivalent). If the increase in temperature reaches 3 degrees Celsius, 40 to 70 percent of species may be destroyed.

Although the poorest countries that will feel very bad impact, climate change also the developed countries. At 2020, 75 million to 250 million people of Africa will be short of water, the major cities in Asia will be at risk from flooding and rob. In Europe, kepuanahan species will be extensive. while in North America, heat waves and the longer the sting, so grab the source water will be high.

Weather events will become extremely routine. Tropical storms will occur more often and the greater intensity. Heat waves and heavy rain will knock over a wider area. Risk of forest fire occurrence and spread of the disease increases.

Meanwhile, the drought will reduce the productivity of land and water quality. The increase in sea-water front will trigger more extensive flooding, salt fresh water, and coastal areas.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HIGH ENVIROMENTAL TEMPERATURES

Although apparently inhospitable, sub-tropical deserts have been colonized by a diversity of plants and animals. Very high air temperatures, intense solar radiation, and extreme aridity, when combined with scarce free-water resources can place significant demands on the abilities of animals to balance their water budgets in these environments. The success of birds in such regions is striking because many of the basic attributes of this group would seem to exacerbate problems of heat and aridity (Bartholomew & Cade 1963). For example, most birds are diurnal and do not use burrows for refuge, thus they must directly confront the hottest periods of the summer day (but see Williams & Tieleman 1998). Small birds also have high mass-specific metabolic rates, which result in high rates of internal heat production and frequent ventilation of respiratory surfaces (with resultant high rates of pulmonary water loss) (Dawson 1982, Wolf & Walsberg 1996a). In addition, because of their small size they have a low thermal inertia and very limited capacity for storage of vital resources such as water (Dawson 1976).

But birds also show a number of attributes that potentially favor their residence in these environments. First, although their mass-specific rates of water and energy usage are relatively large, their overall resource requirements are modest because of their small body size. Thus, they can potentially inhabit regions where food and water resources are in short supply. Birds are also highly mobile and can travel long distances in search of resources in very short periods of time. As a consequence some species are able to take advantage of temporally or spatially localized resources over broad areas. In addition, the body temperatures of birds are on average 3 to 4°C higher than those of mammals. Birds also readily allow their body temperature to increase an additional 2 to 4°C in response to heat or water stress and exercise (Webster 1991). These higher body temperatures provide more favorable conditions for heat loss to the environment by mechanisms such as radiation, conduction or convection. Radiative, conductive and convective heat transfer mechanisms rely on temperature gradients to drive heat flow and thus help conserve precious water resources.

When the temperature of the physical environment approaches or exceeds avian body temperature, the thermal gradient for passive heat transfer (radiation, conduction and convection) is diminished or even reversed and evaporative water loss becomes an essential means of heat transfer. During these periods, both endogenous heat loads (metabolic heat) and exogenous heat loads (heat absorbed from the environment) must be lost through evaporation. Birds resident to sub-tropical deserts during the summer are routinely exposed to these conditions (Walsberg 1994). Air temperatures during the summer in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA, may commonly exceed 42°C for 8 hours or more of each day and occasionally can even exceed 50°C (Fig. 1) (Azmet 1990). Increases in environmental temperatures above avian body temperature leads to dramatic increases in evaporative water loss. For example, in Verdins (Auriparus flaviceps), which are small (ca. 6.5 g) year-round residents of the Sonoran Desert, total evaporative water loss increases seven-fold between 38 and 48°C under resting conditions (Fig. 2) (Wolf & Walsberg 1996b). In this situation, evaporative water loss may account for 80% or more of the Verdins total water loss and can exceed 5% of a small birds body mass each hour (Wolf & Walsberg 1996b). Under these conditions the need to evaporate water in order to maintain body temperature below critical limits is in direct conflict with the maintenance of an adequate state of hydration (Webster 1991). The above attributes, combined with the high surface-area-to-volume-ratios of small birds means they are closely coupled to their physical environments and are must respond rapidly to changes in the thermal environment if they are to maintain homeostasis (Goudie & Piatt 1990). As a consequence, these animals may be under extreme selective pressures to optimize their use of water resources.

Fig. 1. Maximun daily air temperatures for June of 1990 for Dateland, AZ (Azmet 1990). Temperaturas máximas del aire durante junio de 1990 en Dateland, AZ.

Fig. 2. Total evaporative water loss rates for Verdins resting in the dark. Means are for 12 individuals at each data point, and 95% confidence intervals are shown at each temperature. From Wolf & Walsberg (1996b)

Tasas de perdida total de agua evaporativa para verdines descansando a la sombra. Promedios corresponden a 12 individuos para cada punto, y se presentan los intervalos de confianza del 95% para cada temperatura. En Wolf & Walsberg (1996b)

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